« This Week On America Abroad | Home | Letter from London »

Gaza, Lebanon: Two Entirely Different Wars

user-pic

It is the late Yitzhak Rabin’s worst nightmare. Israel is under attack from terrorists based in Lebanon, with Syria and Iran backing the aggression. On top of that, it remains in a state of war with the Palestinians.

This is precisely the situation Rabin strived mightily to prevent by embarking on the diplomatic process with the Palestinians.

In 1993, when Rabin recognized the PLO and began a process designed to achieve Israeli-Palestinian peace within five years, he was motivated by the understanding that Israel’s survival was no longer threatened by its immediate neighbors.

The treaty with Egypt was holding. The border with Jordan was calm and a peace treaty probably within reach. The Syrians seemed open to a cold peace in exchange for the Golan. And the Palestinians had no significant military capacity although the five year old intifada demonstrated that the occupation was unsustainable.

Accordingly, Rabin's primary concern was Israel's increasing vulnerability to attack – conventional and ultimately nuclear, biological, or chemical -- from Iraq or Iran and particularly from Islamic militants allied with the latter, specifically Hezbollah.

Achieving peace with the Palestinians was the key part of Rabin's strategy for neutralizing those threats. Once Israelis and Palestinians were at peace the outside extremists would lose their pretext for holy war against Israel.

Sure, they could still aspire to be "more Palestinian than the Palestinians" but pressure from other Arabs, and from the Palestinians themselves, would serve as a deterrent to war once Israeli-Palestinian negotiations began moving in a positive direction.

With a circle of quiet - including Palestine - surrounding Israel, the IDF would be free to focus on how best to defend itself from attacks from beyond the circle. Instead of being bogged down in Gaza and Nablus, Israel could deter the lethal threat from beyond the borders of Israel and Palestine.

Needless to say, events did not proceed as planned. Rabin was assassinated, the Oslo process collapsed in 2000, a second Intifada began, Israel left Gaza unilaterally in 2005, Hamas won the Palestinian elections, and the attacks from Palestinian controlled Gaza intensified. Since June, Israelis and Palestinians have essentially been at war. Israelis are terrorized by Kassam rockets launched from Gaza while a humanitarian disaster has been inflicted on the Palestinians.

And then, as Rabin foresaw, radical elements from outside seized the opportunity to launch their own attack on Israel, with rockets now falling on Nahariyah and, most frighteningly Haifa, which until now had been out of reach of Hezbollah’s missiles.

And also, as Rabin anticipated, the Hezbollah leadership claims it is acting in solidarity with the Palestinians of Gaza.

This is, of course, a lie. The terrorists of Hezbollah have never demonstrated any particular concern for the Palestinians. Hezbollah is a Lebanese Shiite terror operation. The Palestinians are both Sunni and overwhelmingly secular. True, Hezbollah has much in common with Hamas, most notably that both are religiously fundamentalist and are allied with the Syrians and Iranians who are clearly involved in this latest violence.

But the attacks on northern Israel are not about the Palestinians. Nor are they the result of any legitimate grievance Hezbollah may have with Israel.

There are no such grievances. Israel fully left Lebanese territory in 2000. Neither Hezbollah or Lebanon have outstanding claims against Israel.

No, the attacks on Israel from Lebanon are a traditional unprovoked act of aggression. Hezbollah’s goal is to instigate a general conflagration which would lead to Israel’s destruction. Hezbollah has no goal but terror and destruction which constitute both its means and its ends. The Syrians, and especially the Iranians, have their own goals and are using Hezbollah to advance them.

Overall this situation is clear cut. This is not one of those disputes where each side has a point of view and a solution can be found in the middle.

No, the solution here -- on which the international community is in agreement -- can be found in United Nations Resolution 1559 which calls on Lebanon to disband the independent militias and fully control southern Lebanon. That means destroying Hezbollah as an independent operator.

That hasn’t happened. In fact, Hezbollah not only runs a swath of southern Lebanon where it stores its thousands of missiles, it also is part of the Lebanese government. Israel’s actions in Lebanon are designed both to destroy Hezbollah and to send a message to Lebanon that it must rid itself of Hezbollah’s militias or face ruin. The sad part, of course, is that nobody believes that the fragile government in Lebanon is capable of doing that.

Nevertheless, the path to a solution is clear. The United States and the international community need to advance a new United Nations resolution which would re-state the demand that Hezbollah disarm, release Israeli hostages, and that both sides establish a full ceasefire. In the meantime, Israel has the obligation to defend its own people against this nihilistic and pointless violence although, as President Bush pointed out, not taking actions which would destroy Lebanon’s survival as a fledgling democracy.

The world cannot simply look away, nor can it fall into the old pattern of blaming Israel for defending its own people. If it does and this newest chapter of the Arab-Israeli conflict is allowed to spin further out of control, we could be looking at a major Middle East war which not only would endanger our Mideast allies, obviously Israel prime among them, but could destroy US interests throughout the region. The winner would be Iran, that most reckless of regimes.

But don’t confuse the Lebanon situation with Gaza.

Palestinian attacks on Israel are indefensible, especially now that Israel is out of Gaza, but there is a political context there. The Palestinians want a state in the West Bank/Gaza and have alternatively used both violence and diplomacy as a means of achieving it. The Israelis, now that they have given up on the Greater Israel fantasy, want security.

Israel says it will not negotiate with Hamas nor has it expressed interest in the so-called prisoners document which indicates that virtually all the Palestinian groups are coming around to a form of acceptance of Israel. But neither Israel nor the United States can afford to simply lump Palestinians of every stripe together and deem them all unacceptable partners.

President Abbas is not Yasir Arafat and Hamas Prime Minister Haniyeh is not the Damascus-based Hamas terrorist chief Meshal. Israel and the United States should be exploiting the differences between Palestinian factions, helping to create new alignments of relative moderates rather than relegating all Palestinian nationalists to the category of terrorists and thereby virtually forcing all Palestinians into radical unity.

That is not necessary with Hezbollah. They are simply thugs who have to be defeated or rendered harmless. But Israelis and Palestinians are destined to share one land. Their fates are intertwined.

The United States, which was the primary author of United Nations Resolution 242 and, almost 40 years later the Roadmap, certainly has the standing and the know-how to help Palestinians achieve their state and Israel achieve security. These two are not mutually exclusive but rather mutually reinforcing. Neither people can achieve its goals while at war with the other.

But first the violence has to stop. If it doesn’t, the noisy but relatively harmless Kassams will soon be replaced by missiles which reach farther and inflict far more damage (like Hezbollah’s katuyshas).

And today’s humanitarian crisis in Gaza will descend into a sub-Saharan Africa-like scene of starvation and disease, as threatening to Israel’s security as it will be horrific for the Palestinian people.

There is simply no excuse for the United States to stand on the sidelines. Our fundamental interests are at stake – including the security of 135,000 American soldiers whose lives will become even more precarious if the entire region descends into chaos. That means helping both Israelis and Palestinians achieve a ceasefire and the resumption of efforts, unilateral and bilateral, to establish a modus vivendi, if not peace. American passivity has to end.

This has been a terrible week but without resolute action by America, we are going to see much worse. The United States must stand with Israel in this dangerous moment. But that requires leadership to resolve the situation responsible for it.

Urging support for Israel without calling for Israeli-Palestinian negotiations is very nice. But it is meaningless rhetoric. Support for Israel requires support for a process to end the conflict with the Palestinians.

And the United States must take the lead.


76 Comments

| Leave a comment

I believe you are mistaken. You are very generous to the Israelis in your deciding which missiles they can be attacked with and which are not acceptable to you. Gaza has a humitarian crisis because they elected murderers to office. The Arab world like the American Left seems to believe their are no consequence for their actions.

The two Israeli soldiers who were murdered and the one kidnapped by Hamas were in Isreal not occupied territory. It is your rhetoric that is meaningless. Olmert made it clear that Israel was open to negotiation and the Gazan elected terrorists.

You generousity with the lives of others is most impressive and its morality very questionable.

Thanks, Daniel. But I have never been one of those Americans willing to fight to the last Israeli.

Shorter Rosenberg: Hezbollah must disarm.

Yep, good thinking. And the insurgency in Iraq has to stop.

140K US soldiers can't do the latter and the IDF lost its last war against Hezbo, but hey why let reality get in the way of a good plan.

Note to Rosenberg: Hezbollah is there to stay. Get used to it.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

 

Oh please Daniel spare us your guilt. Go fight yourself.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

Hizbollah is not going to disarm and the freely elected government of Palestine is not going to become concentration camp capos for Daniel Greenbaum.

 Something much ominious is happening...

 Friday, July 14, 2006


Iraqis Condemn Israeli Attacks

Both Sunni and Shiite clerics and politicians condemned the Israeli attack on Lebanon on Friday. The Friday sermons were thunderous. Money and resources will likely flow to Hizbullah and the Palestinians. More later.

posted by Juan @ 7/14/2006 11:34:00 AM

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

What we see here is the very same war. The war of Israel to destroy Arab civil society in Palestine and in Lebananon. They have contributed to the already highly successful effort to bring chaos to Iraq and they desperately want the same for Iran and Syria. They've doing this for over 20 years. This is not new. This is Israel's Failed State Strategy in action.

What is new and hopefully sustainable against the predatory Israel Lobby, is the awakening of Americans to the fact that their own national interests and Israel's are not coextensive and right now, largely in conflict. What is new is that statements like this that I just received from Dianne Feinstein, have become newly risible.

She was responding to my call for US action to end the pretextual invasion into Gaza...Get ready for a ride on the giggle train

Relations between the United States and Israel are crucial to stability in the Middle East, where the road to peace and prosperity continues to be fraught with many obstacles.  In this regard, Congress has placed considerable importance on the maintenance of a close and supportive relationship with Israel.

 

Daniel Greenbaum can kvetch all he wants about "leftists". There's lots of room on the Giggle Train. 

Why would it be a problem for Iran to win the full scale Middle East war, that Israel appears to be precipitating?

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

The notion that the actions of Hizbollah are unrelated to the events in Gaza is but another illustration of something I have been "kvetching" about in these pages for sometime, and that is the tendency of US foreign policy elites to myopia.  Iran's nukes are not one problem; Iraq another; the Bush "Arab Spring" another; the NeoCon "Strategy for Securing the Realm another; the rise of political Islam another, and the War on Iraq, yet another.

The kidnapping of Gilad Shalit is not one problem, the US/Israeli plan to crush the freely elected government of Palestine by means of collective punishments and human suffering another.  The "convergence" plan to annex unlawful conquests on the West Bank is not one problem and the Quassam rockets still another.

 Welcome to the Greatest Strategic Disaster in the history of the United States.  Take off the blinders. You haven't seen anything yet - and the US, thanks to George W. Bush's cowboy antics and kowtowing to Israel  is powerless

The road to peace didn't run through Baghdad afterall.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

Open your eyes and it is so damned easy to see what Israel is up to.  Richard Haas to his great credit, knows what none of our America Abroad experts seem to. Last night on CNN he called for direct and unlimited talks with Iran on all regional issues and said it should have been done yesterday.

 

Now it may be too late. The Israelis are nobody's fools

Israel Crosses the Line
And you read it here first… by Justin Raimondo

 

The Israeli offensive against Iran – until now, purely polemical – morphed into military action the moment the IDF crossed the border into Lebanon and took on Hezbollah. As our regular readers know, this turn of events was predicted in this space three months ago:

"War with Iran will probably not begin with a frontal assault by the U.S. and/or Israel on Iran's alleged nuclear weapons facilities, or even a skirmish along the Iraq-Iran border. Look to Lebanon and Syria for the first battlegrounds of this developing regional war. The Israelis know perfectly well that Iran's nuclear ambitions, if they ever materialize, are not an immediate threat: their real concern is their volatile northern border, where their deadly enemies – Hezbollah – are an effective obstacle to Israeli influence. The Israelis are also looking to exploit growing opportunities to make trouble in Syria, where the restive Kurds are their reliable allies, and the brittleness of the Ba'athist dictatorship is an invitation to regime change."

"Hezbollah has no goal but terror and destruction which constitute both its means and its ends."

Know your enemy and you will know yourself.

This is insanity, defined as repeating the same act over and over, achieving the same failed result each time--how well did this strategy work for Israel the first time? Did their last power play in Lebanon not in fact create Hizbullah? How many more war crimes will be committed against the non-Shia majority in Lebanon in retaliation for Hizbullah's misdeeds?

The fact is that most Lebanese do not support Hizbullah, but as the article correctly points out, they don't have the means to do so--meanwhile, this matters not to the Israeli government, who resort to operating on a level of terror in their impotent rage. Thus, my family in Beirut, who have no love or support for Hizbullah, are being forced to evacuate as, once again, Israeli bombs blow up non-military targets, and take out innocent civilians in their continued policy of 'ten eyes for an eye.'

As if Israel asked Hamas to kill and kidnap it's soldiers at kibbutz Kerem Shalom on the Israeli side of the border with Palestine; as if Israel begged Hizbollah to kill and kidnap it's soldiers on their own side of the border with Lebanon.....

Hey, have you heard? The Jews are responsible for the violence in Iraq too!

BAGHDAD, Iraq, July 14 (AP) - The speaker of parliament on Thursday accused Jews of financing acts of violence in Iraq in order to discredit Islamists who control the parliament and government so they can install their ``agents'' in power.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

Knowing Why Not To Bomb Iran Is Half the Battle  

By Martin van Creveld
April 21, 2006

Original URL: http://www.forward.com/articles/7683 
Republished with permission of The Forward

One of my teachers, a former chief of Israeli military intelligence, used to say that going to war is not like asking a girl out on a date. It is a very serious decision, to be made on the basis of carefully crafted answers to even more carefully crafted questions.

Some serious questions, then, about whether the United States should bomb Iran's nuclear installations.

The first and most obvious question is whether it is worth doing in the first place. Starting right after Hiroshima, each time a country was about to go nuclear Washington went out of its way to sound the alarm, warning of the dire consequences that would surely follow. From 1945 to 1949 it was the Soviet Union which, once it had succeeded in building nuclear weapons, was supposed to make an attempt at world conquest.

In the 1950s it was America's own clients, Britain and France, who were regarded as the offenders and put under pressure. Between 1960 and 1993, first China, then Israel (albeit to a limited extent) and finally India and Pakistan were presented as the black sheep, lectured, put under pressure and occasionally subjected to sanctions. Since then, the main victim of America's peculiar belief that it alone is sufficiently good and sufficiently responsible to possess nuclear weapons has been North Korea.

As the record shows, in none of these cases did the pessimists' visions come true. Neither Stalin, Mao nor any of the rest set out to conquer the world. It is true that, as one country after another joined the nuclear club, Washington's ability to threaten them or coerce them declined.

However, nuclear proliferation did not make the world into a noticeably worse place than it had always been — and if anything, to the contrary. As Europe, the Middle East and South Asia demonstrate quite well, in one region after another the introduction of nuclear weapons led, if not to brotherhood and peace, then at any rate to the demise of large-scale warfare between states.

Given the balance of forces, it cannot be argued that a nuclear Iran will threaten the United States. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's fulminations to the contrary, the Islamic Republic will not even be a threat to Israel. The latter has long had what it needs to deter an Iranian attack.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

 

Welcome Israel's hell...follow the oil money from Basra to Beruit

Are we tired of Zionist pap yet?

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

I want my Hizbollah TV!!! Listening to it via CNN....seems it is banned in the good Ole USA...Why does the USG hate our values so?

Israel is under attack from terrorists based in Lebanon..

Uhhh, no. Israel is the one that has attacked Lebanon, and the "Terrrorists" are people like Netanyahu who even the Israelis admit was responsible for the massacres at Sabra and Shatilla, not to mention the ISraeli forces that have been shelling picnicers in Gaza and using children for target practice.etc etc/.

Are you suggesting that Israeli agents ARE NOT active in Iraq? LOL!! Israel is ALWAYS the INNOCENT VICTIM, right?

Speaking of electing murderers into office, have you checked the background of ISRAELI prime ministers? LOL!! Shamir, Perez, even Rabin were all terrorists.

You raise some good points, but don't expect anything but a hostile reception here. In fact you can see it in the 2 earlier replies to your comments. The cryptic insult "Go fight yourself" and other ad-hominems is really indicative of this.

Its either agreement or the highway with these people. They prefer echo chambers.

The two Israeli soldiers who were murdered and the one kidnapped by Hamas were in Isreal not occupied territory

They were members of an occupation force that, among other things, has shelled innocent civilians and used children for target practice. THUGS The lot of you!

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

 

Which is more appalling:

 1. The statement of the Speaker of the Iraqi Parliament a key figure in the "unity" government.

or

2. Dianne Feinstein (CA-Likud)

Relations between the United States and Israel are crucial to stability in the Middle East, where the road to peace and prosperity continues to be fraught with many obstacles.  In this regard, Congress has placed considerable importance on the maintenance of a close and supportive relationship with Israel.  At the same time, Israel must take all measures to ensure the protection of innocent Palestinian lives in its fight  against terrorists.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

 

They've been operating in Kurdistan for three years! Chaos is Israel's goal. Has been for over 20 years

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

Hosea 8:7

7For they sow the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind. The standing grain has no heads, it shall yield no meal; if it were to yield, foreigners would devour it.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

Hosea 8:7

7For they sow the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind. The standing grain has no heads, it shall yield no meal; if it were to yield, foreigners would devour it.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

 

The Infernal Whine of the Eternal Vicitims

Finally, there seems to be a sense of guilt among some American Jews living in peace and prosperity in the United States that leads them to believe they owe unstinting support to their co-religionists living in greater peril and less opulence in the Middle East. Rather than make literal aliyah (ascent to the Holy Land), they content themselves with making political aliyah through uncompromising support for the Jewish state. “American (Jews) have this apocalyptic sense of danger in regard to Israel, more than Israeli Jews,” Columbia University professor Todd Giltin told the San Francisco Chronicle. They therefore “feel a certain guilt that they are American. ... They write the checks, but the Israelis have to fight.” One consequence of this, as George Washington University President Stephen Joel Trachtenberg observed, is the “idea, which persists ... that it was better to keep quiet than to criticize Israel. Doing otherwise, the argument went (and still goes in some places) is no less than giving aid and comfort to Israel’s antagonists.”

Prophets in Their Own Land

By Michael C. Desch Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security Decision-making at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University.

 

 He's no "leftist" Greenbaum. He's no Likudnik and that bothers you doesn't it?

 As if Israel asked Hamas to kill and kidnap it's soldiers at kibbutz Kerem Shalom on the Israeli side of the border with Palestine; as if Israel begged Hizbollah to kill and kidnap it's soldiers on their own side of the border with Lebanon.....

Hey, have you heard? The Jews are responsible for the violence in Iraq too!

Was this post a reply to why Iran winning the Middle East War would be a problem?

If so, I am unable to make any sense of it.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

Fuad Seniora PM of Lebanon is tired of all that Israeli hogwash about "controlling Hizbollah"

Get rid of the problem and there is no problem with Hizbollah.  They become a political party only.

For those who believe that Israel's actions have anything to do with kidnapped soldiers other than pretext for their predatory actions

Man, I am the last person in the world to throw around the epithet "anti-semite" but some of you definitely qualify.
I am not saying you are not free to be anti-semites. What do I care?
But embrace the term. You don't like Jews, fine. But don't pretend it's about Israel, AIPAC or anything else.
What's my definition of anti-semite? Simple, you simply want the Jews dead. You advocate reform or revolution everywhere else but for Israel only destruction. And you love chortling over the deaths of six million Jews in the holocaust?
Frankly, some would ban you from the site but I think you should be here. It's importantfor kids to know that although the charge of anti-semitism is thrown about lightly and loosely, the real McCoy still does exist. Thanks for the reminder.

J. McCutchen "JmacSF"

San Francisco. CA

America's Ally

There are 25,000 Americans now at risk and unable to be fully evacuated thanks to our "ally".

The Holy See just condemned Israel's aggression against Lebanon - the very resolution that Bolton vetoed and where's W?

Eatin pig in Germany....a puppet on Israel's string

What's my definition of anti-semite? Simple, you simply want the Jews dead. You advocate reform or revolution everywhere else but for Israel only destruction

If this is your definition, then many of the posters do not qualify as such. What I object to is how long-standing this war is which is rooted in 'religious' beliefs  and has gone on for over 2 decades and some would say centuries.. I am unable to justify the loss of American lives for the religious beliefs of Jews and Muslims. I also object to the billions in tax dollars used to support the continued cultural/religious war in the Middle East.

I basically no longer understand how the USA can support either side in this skirmish, and to support one over the other is simply unAmerican and does nothing for us as a democracy or world power.

I also have found that labelling people who have divergent views as anti-semitic or homophobic is a emotional tactic designed to shift the dialogue from rational thinking to emotional belief systems. It seldom results in reasoned discussion.

Nevertheless, it is common on this site when opposing views are expressed that prejudice and  hostility for the 'unpopular' view seems to blind folks who are generally rreasonable people.

Zealous Israeli hardliners are always quick to play the 'anti-semite' card against anybody who would dare to question the Israeli government's tactics, thus, conveniently ignoring the large percentage of Israelis and Jews worldwide who disagree with the hardliners' stance.

The correct term is 'anti-Zionist.'

A lot of passion in these posts and I don't think it has anything to do with religion. That said, the United States, which defines itself as leader of the free world (ugh) and therefore would seem to have some responsibility to the world, in fact vaunts the title but has yet to write the book. Bushco's version of diplomacy is to periodically drop out of the sky, usually unannounced, stay for a few hours and leave. That is not diplomacy. Like a two-minute rain on drought ravished land, it does no good and sometimes even does harm. Nor is it diplomacy to take a side at the outset - in our case Israel - and leave the other side naked and vulnerable. Can this administration DO ANYTHING RIGHT?

Is it too much to ask that if you disagree with some of the comments here or that you wish to accuse some of the commentators of anti-semitism that you do it by responding to their posts directly instead of tarring everyone with the generic some. That's what the reply function is for. If it is too much trouble to respond to them individually, then list them in a single response. Anything else is hardly fair to the posters here, nor is it fair to your own views as well, because it leaves the impression that you're tarring anyone who disagrees with you as guilty of anti-semitism.

Mike

This reminds me when I was in grad school during Iraq I. The scuds were landing in Tel Aviv, and my major professor, an Israeli, was beside herself in concern for the safety of her folks, who lived there. She told me:

I've spent my whole life opposing Israeli politics, and now I'm feeling so defensive. I really resent being positioned this way!

I suppose one cannot seperate the Jew out of Israel with any sort of credibility, but I don't imagine for a moment that conflating the two serves the interests of rational politics. There has got to be a safe-space for open discourse about Israel. I've known too many Jews, including a few Israelis, who attack Israel for what they think are misguided policies, to not be able to make the distinction.

Obviously, this is a very painful situation. I think we all need to be very careful with positioning.

Neoboho

Just floating a semi-idea:

For 50 years the Palestinians have been living like an animal in a cage. They are confined to a small space and people keep walking by and banging on the bars. The result: the entire society is in a permanent state of stress.

For 50 years the Israelis have been living like an animal in a cage. They are confined to a small space and people keep walking by and banging on the bars. The result: the entire society is in a permanent state of stress.

People and animals under stress lash out at those who approach them. The stress makes them behave irrationally. There is a need to "de-stress" the situation. The question is who is banging the cage? And, what do those who continue to promote the status quo get out of the situation?

Without understanding who gains from the current conditions there is little chance of meaningful change.

--- Policies not Politics
Daily Landscape

Nothing to add here but a couple of links. U. N. Resolution 1559 can be found at

http://www.mideastweb.org/1559.htm

U. N. Resolution 242 is here

http://www.mideastweb.org/242.htm

 I don't know whether the introductions are impartial, but the texts of the resolutions themselves are accurate, and this form is a little easier to read than the ones on the U.N. Website. The bone fides of the author of the introductions, Ami Isseroff, can be found here: http://www.israelipalestinianprocon.org/Biosind/amiisseroff.html.

 I think the introduction to Resoluton 242 provides some useful context: Forty years of pain caused by the ambiguities introduced by deciding to leave out the word, the

Mike

The original poster does seem to be inserting a bit of drama about "missiles". Katyushas are light (82mm) or medium (132mm) unguid